Beck Anxiety Inventory

 Beck Anxiety Inventory

 Definition

The Beck Anxiety Inventory is a well-accepted self-report measure of anxiety in adults and adolescents for use in both clinical and research settings.

 Description

Background

The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), created by Aaron T. Beck, MD, and colleagues

It’s a 21-item multiple-choice self-report inventory that measures the severity of an anxiety in adults and adolescents.

ITEMS:

Items in the BAI describe the emotional, physiological, and cognitive symptoms of anxiety but not depression, it can discriminate anxiety from depression. Although the age range for the measure is from 17 to 80, it has been used in peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents aged 12 and older. Each of the items on the BAI is a simple description of a symptom of anxiety in one of its four expressed aspects: (1) subjective (e.g., "unable to relax"), (2) neurophysiologic (e.g., "numbness or tingling"), (3) autonomic (e.g., "feeling hot") or (4) panic-related (e.g., "fear of losing control"). The BAI requires only a basic reading level, can be used with individuals who have intellectual disabilities, and can be completed in 5 - 10 minutes using the pre-printed paper form and a pencil. Because of the relative simplicity of the inventory, it can also be administered orally for sight-impaired individuals. The BAI may be administered and scored by paraprofessionals, but it should be used and interpreted only by professionals with appropriate clinical training and experience. Beck Anxiety Inventory 2

Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation

Respondents are asked to report the extent to which they have been bothered by each of the 21 symptoms in the week preceding (including the day of) their completion of the BAI. Each symptom item has four possible answer choices: Not at All; Mildly (It did not bother me much); Moderately (It was very unpleasant, but I could stand it), and; Severely (I could barely stand it). The clinician assigns the following values to each response: Not at All = 0; mildly = 1; moderately = 2, and; Severely = 3. The values for each item are summed yielding an overall or total score for all 21 symptoms that can range between 0 and 63 points. A total score of 0 - 7 is interpreted as a "Minimal" level of anxiety; 8 - 15 as "Mild"; 16 - 25 as "Moderate", and; 26 - 63 as "Severe". Clinicians examine specific item responses to determine whether the symptoms appear mostly subjective, neurophysiologic, autonomic, or panic-related. The clinical can then further assess using DSM criteria to arrive at a specific diagnostic category and plan interventions targeting the underlying cause of the respondent's anxious symptomatology and/or diagnosis.

Psychometric Properties

The BAI is psychometrically sound. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) ranges from .92 to .94 for adults and test-retest (one week interval) reliability is .75. Concurrent validity with the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Revised is .51; .58 for the State and .47 for the Trait subscales of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Form Y, and; .54 for the mean 7 day anxiety rating of the Weekly Record of Anxiety and Depression. The BAI has also been shown to possess acceptable reliability and convergent and discriminant validity for both 14-18 year and inpatients and outpatients.

Clinical and Research Uses

The BAI can be used to assess and establish a baseline anxiety level, as a diagnostic aid, to detect the effectiveness of treatment as it progresses, and as a post-treatment outcome measure. Other advantages of the BAI include its fast and easy administration, repeatability, discrimination between symptoms of anxiety and depression, ability to highlight the connection between mind and body for those seeking help to reduce their anxiety, and proven validity across languages, cultures, and age ranges. Some researchers have suggested that the BAI may be less sensitive to symptoms secondary to medical or other trauma, more sensitive to panic disorder than it is to the symptoms of other anxiety disorders, and may need separate norms for males, females, and more ethnically/socioeconomically diverse samples.

FOR SELF EVALUATION OF ANXIETY :

 A grand sum between 0 – 21 indicates very low anxiety. That is usually a good thing. However, it is possible that you might be unrealistic in either your assessment which would be denial or that you have learned to “mask” the symptoms commonly associated with anxiety. Too little “anxiety” could indicate that you are detached from yourself, others, or your environment.

A grand sum between 22 – 35 indicates moderate anxiety. Your body is trying to tell you something. Look for patterns as to when and why you experience the symptoms described above. For example, if it occurs prior to public speaking and your job requires a lot of presentations you may want to find ways to calm yourself before speaking or let others do some of the presentations. You may have some conflict issues that need to be resolved. Clearly, it is not “panic” time but you want to find ways to manage the stress you feel.

A grand sum that exceeds 36 is a potential cause for concern. Again, look for patterns or times when you tend to feel the symptoms you have circled. Persistent and high anxiety is not a sign of personal weakness or failure. It is, however, something that needs to be proactively treated or there could be significant impacts to you mentally and physically. You may want to consult a physician or counselor if the feelings persist.