ALBERT BANDURA ---- PERSONALITY THEORY ---- SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
Bandura
developed a perspective on personality that combines the contemporary emphasis
on cognitive processes with the study of individual in the context of social
factors. This helps us to understand how these factors work along and help us
to make decisions
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Albert Bandura called the process of social learning modeling and gave four conditions required for a person to successfully model the
behavior of someone else:
·
ATTENTION TO MODEL
Attention includes
observing the behavior; and paying attention to action of their model. It
includes remembering the observed behaviors, replicating behaviors and
motivated to reproduce behavior.
·
RETENTION OF DETAILS
Observer must not only
recognize the observed behavior but also remember it. This process depends upon
observer’s ability to code or structure the information so it is easily
remembered.
·
MOTOR REPRODUCTION
Person should be
physically and intellectually capable of producing the act. In many cases the
observer possesses the necessary responses, but sometimes reproducing the
observed actions may involve skills the observer has not yet acquired
·
MOTIVATION AND OPPORTUNITY
Observer must be
motivated to reproduce the actions they have seen. Motivation can come from
external reinforcement, such as rewards promised by an experimenter, vicarious
reinforcement, or noticing that models of the behavior are rewarded. Models to
whom the observer affords higher status affect performance more through
motivation
Akeela’s father was the key influential character for her
from very beginning. Dr. Larabee acts as Influence Character. About the middle
of the film (or just after), the Influence Character functions are handed off
to Akeelah’s mom and various community representatives. Later plot temporarily
brings back Dr. Larabee as Influence Character, but he is soon replaced by
spelling wunderkind Dylan.
In movie at certain places Akeelah had been shown having
image of her father playing scrabble with her which means she had remembered the
behavior of her father and replicated behavior as she was good in spellings . She
not only observed her father but she remembered also. We can say that figure of
father was one of the motivational force to get her to achieve the trophy.
Akeelah was not only a child who had role model but she has intellectual
capability too. It was once mentioned by Akeelah that she can learn anything as
she put her heart into it. Akeelah was motivated to learn more and more words
as it was not only because she had her role model father but the external
reinforcement was also present as winning the trophy of spelling bee
competition for her school.
Self-Efficacy
According to Albert Bandura,
self-efficacy is "the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute
the courses of action required to manage prospective situations." In other
words, self-efficacy is a person’s belief in his or her ability to succeed in a
particular situation. Bandura described these beliefs as determinants of how
people think, behave, and feel (1994).
Akeelah
was determined that she is capable of doing well with spellings. Her
determinism was clearly shown when Dr. Larabee
refuses to coach her in start but she did not lose hope and worked hard by
herself and won the competition on regional level. Later at the end part when Dr. Larabee again
left coaching her she continued learning herself and did not forgot struggling
hard. Her behavior was also changed as she became more confident because all f
the attention was on her, she was happier with her family
Reciprocal Determinism
Reciprocal determinism suggests that individuals function as
a result of a dynamic and reciprocal interaction among their behavior,
environment, and personal characteristics. Personal characteristics include
one's thoughts, emotions, expectations, beliefs, goals, and so forth. Behavior
is conceptualized as a person's skills and actions. Lastly, environment is
considered to be a person's social and physical surroundings. All three systems
interact with each other; therefore, a change in one will influence the others
as well. Reciprocal determinism indicates that people do have a say in their
future, because of reciprocal interactions.
Akeelah was a shy girl with high intellectual aptitude who
usually keeps to herself this is the personal component. But as she goes to
school. She faces the pressure because of its intelligence. The school is her
environmental factor. She starts to bunk
classes to fit in his school environment better. This includes as her
behavioral component. As the competition of spelling bee came her life totally
change, new environmental factor came in her life which led to change Anna’s
normal routine as a result her behavior has changed.
ALFRED ADLER: BASIC CONCEPTS OF ADLER INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY AND APPLICATION OF MOVIE
INFERIORITY
FEELINGS AND COMPENSATION:
Adler gave the concept
of organ inferiority. Every person is born with some physical limitation. In response
to this limitation the person get motivated to overcome it or develop another
aspect of self. Soon he realized that perceived inferiorities are as important
as organ inferiority. He then coined the term of inferiority feelings.
Inferiority feelings are described as feelings involve the response to real or
imagined inferiorities individual perceived them as possessing. Adler stated
that individual overcome this inferiority feeling through some form of
compensation. Compensation consists of individual taking positive step to deal
with and overcome inferiority feelings. Inferiority feelings begin in childhood and continue to
crop up now and then throughout adulthood. They occur when someone does better
than you, criticizes you, shows authority over you, hurts you, or otherwise
gains advantage over you. Inferiority feelings are normal and even beneficial,
because they lead to a compensating drive to become superior or improve you to
avoid such feelings in the future.
In this movie Akeelah is not as much enthusiastic about
physical sports as much as she is in spellings. It seems as if she is physical
weak and this weakness is compensated by his intellectual ability as everyone
in school called him as a geek and nerd. Driven by her feelings, she is
inclined to take the path of least resistance, choosing to skip classes to
lessen her reputation as a “brainiac.”As she was shy and timid, insecure and indecisive,
she fall into inferiority complex which motivated her to work even harder in
her intellectual field
STRIVING FOR
SUPERIORITY:
Adler used the term of superiority in way that
individual strive for perfection and develop all aspects of their personality
to their fullest potential. He had point of view that striving for superiority
is fundamental part of human personality and this does not happens in isolation
rather it is fostered by family friend’s parents and social circle. Only by striving for superiority human can
achieve to its fullest.
Akeelah strived to get better in his spellings.
She put all of her into this and her whole personality
revolved around spellings to get perfection in this and to win spelling bee.
When Akeelah does what she is “supposed” to do she feel fulfilled. Akeelah was supported by her best friend and school
principle and her coach in start but later every member of society as well as
her family members encouraged her
SOCIAL
INTEREST:
It is tendency of an individual to put forward
need of society and others rather than his own while striving for superiority.
It involves feelings that individual have. Primary goal of self-improvement
becomes betterment of society. Only by making them perfect they can make
society better and can cause improvement in society and others. These circles
continue as individual cause betternet of society and in result other strive
for betterment of society too.
It is quite visible that movie revolve around Akeelah getting
better in her spellings but another factor is that principle continue to
pressurize her to take part in this competition just to get school the basic
aid and money. , Akeelah makes it to the finals. Her school and community get
great exposure. Her mentor, Dr. Larabee, gets a job at UCLA. And, in a split
decision, she ties for first place
Dr. Larabee goes back to work after a long sabbatical of
disillusionment. Akeelah’s mother reconsiders pursuing the college degree she
abandoned after feeling she couldn’t make it. Dylan intentionally misspells a
contest-winning word when he realizes Akeelah has thrown the contest in his
favor. Various South Central community figures recover belief in themselves and
their community. Each of these illustrates a betterment of society.
BIRTH ORDER
Adler emphasized on basic four birth orders as
first born, middle born, last born and only child.
As reference to case of Akeelah the youngest
one in family; the younger born are baby of family. They have older siblings to
contribute to feelings of inferiority and there are more people around child to
pamper him this child has multiple models to strive for perfection.
Akeelah
was the youngest one in family and was quite pampered. His eldest brother was
high achiever and was in air force. Akeelah had not only her father as a model
but her mother and brother was also a model for her. His father motivated her
to take part in competition of spellings as this was the passion of her father
whereas in general discussion her brother told her to be brave and overcome every
fear. In short we can say that Akeelah was surrounded by the people who
pampered her.
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