PAKISTAN PEOPLE'S PARTY

PAKISTAN PEOPLE’S PARTY (PPP)

PPP is basically CENTER LEFT party. Center left parties believe in social equality that is achievable by promoting equal opportunities.  This half works with establishment system to improve social justice. It opposes wide gap between classes and work to reduce this economic gap through progressive taxes, minimum wage laws, limit working hour etc. Center left unlike far left claims that complete equality is not possible but equal opportunity is a way to get that. Since its formation in 1967, the PPP has been voted into power on five separate occasions(1970, 1977, 1988, 1993, 2008). The PPP attracted the active participation of the peasants, workers and middle class. Basic principles of PPP enshrined:

·         Islam is our Faith

·         Democracy is our politics

·         Socialism is our Economy

·         All Power to the People

HISTORY

PPP was launched on 30-December, 1967. Where Zulfiqaar Ali Bhutto was elected as chairman. Part soon started to send its message to peasants. They make people believe that they want to end feudalism and start up a new era of socialism where peasants will be given preferences. In 1969, Ayub resigned as a result of mass broke out against him, temporary interim government announced elections. People’s party contested in these elections on slogan “ROTI, KAPRA AUR MAKAAN” and “ALL POWER TO PEOPLE”. PPP was successful in these elections.  At provincial level it was in majority in Sindh and Punjab. In result of civil war outbreak in east Pakistan. At that time Mr. Bhutto took over as chief martial law administrator and President.

PPP remained in government from Dec, 20, 1971 to July 5, 1977. During this period PPP remained busy in making reforms which was improving life of population of Pakistan on every level. Major reforms include announcement of labor policies, old age pensions and group insurance, land reforms, Inaugurated Pakistan's first Nuclear Power Plant at Karachi.  - 28th November, 1972, Constitution of Pakistan passed unanimously - 12th April, 1973. In early 1972, Bhutto nationalized ten categories of major industries and withdrew Pakistan from the Commonwealth of Nations and S. E. A. T. O. On March 1, he introduced extensive land reforms. On July 2, 1972, he signed the Simla Agreement with India for exchange of the occupied territories and release of Prisoners of War. 
After the 1973 Constitution was promulgated, Bhutto was elected by the House as the Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was sworn-in on August 14, 1973.

In the result of 1973 elections, Zulfiqaar ali Bhutto became prime minister of Pakistan. Major reforms during this period include nationalization of steel chemical industries, flour and rice mills and banks.

In elections of 1977, PNA opposed PPP slogan of socialism. Results were announced and PPP won but PNA members announced elections as unfair and rigged.

At this crucial period Genral Zia ul Haq came and imposed martial law in country and Bhutto was sent behind bars. Mr. Bhutto was framed on a murder-conspiracy charge and executed, rather judicially assassinated-on April 4, 1979. During regime of General Zia hundreds of workers were put to death and thousands were murdered. Thousands were punished and were lashed publically. After death of Zia ul Huq in plane crash, daughter of Zulfiqaar ali Bhutto came forward and Benzie became prime minister in 1988, the first woman to govern an Islamic State.

. Less than two years later, on August 6, 1990, her Government was accused of corruption and dismissed by the President, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, who exercised his power through the controversial Eighth Amendment of the Constitution.

The Peoples Party later returned to power in general elections in 1993 by plurality, forming alliance with JUI(F). But as the party governed, the party had the internal factions splits with three main ideological groups: the Bhutto’s, Parliamentarians, Sherpaoism, with Bhuttoism becoming the most influential and powerful in Sindh. Internal opposition and disapproval of Benazir Bhutto's policy by her brother Murtaza Bhutto created a rift in their relations, and finally in 1996, Murtaza Bhutto was assassinated in 1996

The launching of Benazir Income Support Program worth Rs70 billion, Benazir Employees Scheme in more than 80 state owned enterprises, through which 12% shares worth more than Rs110 billion have been given to employees, free of cost.

Benazir was assassinated on 27 December 2007, after these elections were announced to be conducted early. In general elections of 2008, PPP won under leader ship of Asif Ali Zardari.

Major work done under leadership of Zardari as president was:

1. Restoration of Chief Justice : PM Yusuf Raza Gillani announces the restoration of the deposed Chief Justice ,Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, and other judges.

2.      Truce with Taliban: Pakistan Govt. announced a truce with Taliban, accepting a system of Islamic Law in the Swat Valley.

3.      Operation Rah-e-Rast: Pakistan Amy launched Operation Rah -e- Rast, and cleared Swat Valley of all Taliban elements. It is regarded as one of the most successful counter-insurgency operations of modern times

ELECTION COMPAIGN 2013-PPP

In election campaign of 2013 , PPP ran the two different political programme, known as "Massawat" ( Egalitarianism) and "People’s Employment Programme" for the youth voters whilst it raised its vintage "Roti Kapra Aur Makaan ( Bread, Cloth, House) slogan during the election campaign. The  PPP  highlighted its implementation of the nationalization and welfare programs that were launched in 2008.   Generally, the PPP's main focused was on gathering its support from Sindh. In a critical editorial written in the English-language newspaper, The Nation, the PPP neglected to highlight the prevailing issue of energy conservation to reduce the repeated cycle of load shedding in the country.

Song title that was used by Pakistan people’s party was “HUM BHUTTO HAIN, HUM BENAZIR HAIN” (We are Bhutto, we are Benazir). This song is sung in Urdu language. By hearing this song you get notion that leader ship of PPP is speaker of song and they are trying to convey a message. This song majorly revolves about working class and assassinated leadership of PPP. They tried to link up assassinations as a result of serving nation.  Listening to music makes you bouncy and enthusiastic and excited. Music and lyrics are very catchy and make you feel that you have the power or ability to act. It lifts up mood. 

STATUS QUO IN PAKISTAN

 Mix ethnic society

According to Smith (1991), there are six elements of an ethnic community: “a collective proper name; a myth of common ancestry; shared historical memories; one or more differentiating elements of common culture; an association with a specific ‘homeland’; and a sense of solidarity for significant sectors of the population”.  Pakistan current situation is quite complicated in comparison to smith elements of ethnic community. Pakistani community consists of five major ethnic communities which are further divided into sub groups and more than six minor ethnic groups. Five major ethnic groups are Punjabi, Pushto, Urdu speaking, Sindhi and balochi. Punjabi are in majority i.e making up 45% of total population of Pakistan.

Pakistan which is comprised of four units: Punjab, sindh, Baluchistan and NWFP. These four wings have diversities in term of socio economic conditions.

NWFP (renamed as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) comprise of north western region of Pakistan. Most prominent community of this area in Pathan community. These people are known for their bravery and being free spirited.  They are deeply conscious of ethnic and cultural unity. Recently issue of saraiki language and separate province was up. It was on basis that when NWFP is named after Pakhtun community as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, then why not they can make separate province for saraiki people. As saraiki belt is divided between Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It was basically a fight for their identity.

Baluchistan consist of tribal areas. Basic occupation of people are agriculture yet this land lack infrastructure as well as basic needs for existence of life. Baluchistan became a full-fledged province in 1972 after the annulment of One-Unit. Its total area is 134,000 square miles and population is 6.5 million according to 1998 census. Ethnically it is pluralistic. The main ethnic groups are the Baluch, the Brahvis and Pathans. A number of tribes (e.g. Mengals, Maris, Bugtis, Zehris, and Bazenjos) resided in the province. The main spoken languages in the province are Baluchi, Brahvi, Pushto, Persian, Sindhi and Urdu. Baluchistan has been the most backward area in terms of socio-economic indicators i.e. literacy, medical facilities, road construction & per capita income. According to the 1961 census, Baluchistan had the highest rate of illiteracy in Pakistan. The situation was the same in the 1981 census. Even the first university in Baluchistan was set up in 1970s. Baluchistan is quite rich in natural resources. Biggest assets include deposits of natural gas yet Baluchistan is unable to get natural gas royalty.  This is one of major issue causing ethnicity problem in Pakistan. The Baluch people do not have their due share in the political system, and wanted to change the power structure in order to ensure the fair distribution of resources

Sindh was known for his feudal background and still feudalism prevails there.  These people are also very concerned with their identity and culture

Punjab is most popular culture in Pakistan. This region is quite stable and most people use agriculture as their source of income. Punjab is relatively developed province in comparison to all other i.e. it has well organized infrastructure, more job opportunities and better education system.

Above situation explains prevailing ethnic problems in Pakistan.

CULTURAL CONFLICT AND IDENTITY CRISIS

Cultural conflict refers to particular situation when culture is undergoing some process of change, confusion or crisis or where different generations carry different life style.

Pakistan is facing cultural conflict in a way that Pakistan is being running and following same political national ideologies which was developed in 1857. Before 1857, indo pak was ruled by Muslim rulers which did not cause any conflict in culture but as soon as British raj started, there was a sudden change in everything including, dressing, shaving, food etc. they were compelling Hindu and Muslims to give up their cultural identity and adapt new one. Process of westernization was accelerated with enforced use of English language as medium of instruction and as official language.

After 1947, we formed an independent state where we were not afraid of losing our identity but our bad luck westernization did not left the country instead it was incorporated into new Muslim nation. According to contemporary authors conflict arise when two cultures exist in same society parallely.

Basically Pakistan should have established his own culture on which they fougjt for freedom. Currently youth is divided in to two halves, one is who love to read foreign literature incluyding novels and movies and see foreign media glamorized and attractive yet other half is “old fashioned”. Today youth follow westernization a way to survive in this dual cultured society. Important thing is English culture never left this region it is continuously traveling in our generation after generation and we still consider foreign as a superior culture which make our thinking of foreign as glamorized culture. These are things which are making our youth more prawn to identity crisis Examples are clearly present around us as our educational system, judiciary system.

ENERGY CRISIS AND WAR ON TERROR:

War on terror is a major issue of Pakistan. Since 2001 Pakistan has suffered many lives in war. Aurangzeb said that we have lost more than 50,000 people including army, police and civilians more than that country has lost 80 billion in this war (APP, 2014).

Because of war on terror Pakistan is losing his revenue which was previously generated by foreign visitors. Yet country is also losing his international image. Now in foreign stated Pakistani’s are considered as suicidal bombers and citizens of Pakistan are facing sever issue of getting foreign nationalities.

Energy resources are considered as back bone of any nation. Energy is always required to generate revenue in order to run our industries. Because of massive improvement in industrial development, increased population and more households there is an increase demand of energy resources such as petrol, diesel, coal and electricity. Pakistan is facing energy crisis from past several years because of his failed economic policies and lack of starting new projects to meet demands of energy in country. Electricity shortage and load shedding in quit common phenomenon among cities of Pakistan. This is not only pushing nation back on economic level but also on intellectual level.

According to Maslow’s hierarchy. It is important to fulfill basic needs of person for survival and as technology had advanced electricity, petrol come under basic necessities of human. If these needs cannot be fulfilled how can anyone expect nation to achieve intellectual growth.

APPLICATION OF VINELAND SOCIAL MATURITY SCALE

Name: X Imaan                                                          Age: 5 years and 5 months

Gender: Female                                                         No of siblings: 2

Birth order: Youngest                                               Class:  Kindergarten

HISTORY

Child belongs to a family with low socio-economic status. X was born as a result of cesarean section instead of normal delivery. Mother’s age was 40 years at the time of her birth. Father of child is an entrepreneur with intermediate education and mother’s education was till middle school.

She has another elder sister who is 21 years of age currently; there is huge age difference between child and his elder sister.

Mother of child died when she was 4 _½ years old as a result of heart attack. According to family members there was a slight difference in behavior of child after death of mother yet there is no detection of any psychological harm.

No history of any psychological disorder is present in family.  Child has good relations with her sister and father. Earlier father had good relations with mother also provided child with healthy environment to grow.

X has number of friends in school and neighborhood. Because she is living in joint family system, she enjoys company of her cousins also. She is a very active child and takes part in sports and other indoor and outdoor activities

Academic performance of child is above average as she is a position holder in class and has good IQ. According to his sister she is very intelligent and grasp new concepts easily and asks questions which indicates her healthy growth of mind.

METHADOLOGY

Vineland social maturity scale is used to access child. As this scale is best adapted for scientific study of social maturity of children.

Scale Description:

 It was developed by the US psychologist Edgar (Arnold) Doll (1889–1968), originally published in 1936, and discussed in Doll's booklet Your Child Grows Up in 1950. The Vineland Social Maturity Scales (VSMS), measures social maturity or social competence in individuals from birth to adulthood. It consist of 117 items which can be interviewed with primary care giver or parent.

Doll himself stated in favor of scale:

In formulating the modus operandi of social competence thus conceived, we have employed six major expressions of social independence and responsibility. Namely, self help, locomotion communication, occupation, self direction, and socialization. Each of these major categories of social behavior has for our purposes, been reduced to succession of specific performances has its own maturation period, or growth curve, which reflects individual differences in rate of development. The central tendency of each growth curve can be calculated and its dispersion determined in statistical terms. The sum of the item performances can be expressed as total score which reflects the degrees of maturation in social competence. The scores can be expressed as central tendencies for successive life age groups and thereby expressed as "social ages."(Doll, May,1937).

SUBSCALES

The test consists of 8 sub-scales measuring:

·         Communication skills

·         General self-help ability

·         Locomotion skills

·         Occupation skills

·         Self-direction

·         Self-help eating

·         Self-help dressing

·         Socialization skills

SELF HELP CATEGORY:

Self help is further divided into three divisions: General activities, Eating, Dressing.

Major considerations of these items are the manner and degree to which the individual attends to his immediate personal wants

Self help General:

This is related to general activities which cannot come under different categories e.g. grasping objects, standing, avoiding hazards etc.

Series of preliminary to walking is apparent in item 2, 5, 8, 9, 15.

Item 3, 6, 13, 23 reveal manipulation

Item 35, 51 indicate toilet reliance and item 26 might be considered as locomotion where as item 41 as self diction and 66 as communication

Self Help Eating:

Feeding is a way of getting social independence.

This category involves 12 items; item 11, 25 and 39 are serial for drinking.

Item 28, 38, 62 and 67 for table utensils

 item 16, 20, 30 and 33 for control and discrimination, while item 75 reveals an overall synthesis.

Self Help Dressing:

This category deals with two separate aspects of dressing. Namely, personal cleanliness and use of garments.

Dressing and undressing items are 21, 37, 42, 47, 54, and 65

 Items related to cleansing are 40, 50, 52, 64, 70. Item 65 and 74 include both. Item 86 synthesize category and add superior details

LOCOMOTION:

Locomotion involves social locomotion i.e. associated with social responsibilities. Also known as social movements. Locomotive activities such as running and jumping reach at its peak till age of five but social accompaniment of locomotion increases with range of expression as individual maturity elaborates use and need.

Item are 12, 18, 29, 32, 45, 53, 61, and 77

OCCUPATION:

This may include concentration of playful activity in infancy, helping minor tasks, involve in self exploratory tasks and working for others.

Serial grouping are evident i.e.  Self occupation include item 7, 19, 22, 36, 43, 55, 57, 107

Helpful task items are 24, 48, 72, and 89

Self initiated work items include 71, 80, 82, 108, and 116

Progressive level of adult productivity include item 98, 106, 111, 113, 114

COMMUNICATION

This is related to social use of language, literacy and other means of communication and how these help individual to adapt better.

Sequence include 8 items on vocal communication i.e. 1, 10, 17, 31, 34, 44, 79, 91

Five items on writing i.e.  58, 63, 78, 81, 90

2 items on reading i.e. 73, 84

SELF DIRECTION:

Period of adolescent is specifically characterized by desire of social freedom in personal conduct. This expresses itself in a gradual breaking away from authority, which is followed in early childhood by assumption of responsibility and authority for others. This is clearly expressed in handling of money, in looking after of all ones needs etc.

Two series are apparent i.e.

One related to money and purchasing i.e. item 60, 76, 87, 94, 95, 100, 102, 105 and 112

Other dealing with self controlled behavior i.e.  Item 83, 93, 97, 99 and 101.

SOCIALIZATION:

Social competence naturally involves social relationships since the expression of individual adequacy matures in a social setting

Marked series of socialized play and recreation items i.e. 27, 46, 56, 59, 69, 85, 88

Series of social responsibility include 103, 104, 109, 110, 115, and 117

Minor series of interpersonal relations include item 4, 14, 49

SCORING:

Many doubts regarding item interpretation may be resolved by considering items with the reference to their relative positions in scale.  Items should be scored strictly upon performances of tasks. For scoring, child is asked to perform specific task..

Each item of the schedule is to be scored on a three point scale.

·         A score of '+1' is to be given to the choice 'always' in the case of positive behavior.

·         The choice 'sometimes' and other wordings indicating the middle path is to be given a score of '0.5'.

·         The last choice which denotes the least expression of positive behavior is to be given a score of '0'.

FRECUENCY TABLE

Key to categorical arrangement of item:

SHG--- Self-help general                  C---Communication         L---Locomotion

SHD--- Self-help dressing                SD--- Self-direction           O--- Occupation

SGE--- Self-help eating                     S--- Socialization

Categories Age Period	SHG	SHD	SHE	C	SD	S	O	L	TOTAL
4-5	1/1	1.5/2	_	_	_	1/1	1/1	1/1	5.5/6
5-6	_	_	_	1/1	0.5/1	1/1	1/1	1/1	4.5/5
6-7	_	1/2	1/1	1/1	_	_	_	_	3/4
7-8	0/1	0.5/1	1/1	_	_	1.5/2	_	_	3/5
8-9	_	1/1	_	0.5/1	_	_	1.5/2	_	3/4
9-10	_	_	1/1	_	1/1	_	_	1/1	3/3
10-11				0.5/3			0/1		0.5/4
TOTAL	1/2	4/6	3/3	3/6	1.5/2	3.5/4	3.5/5	3/3

INTERPRETATIONS

Scoring indicates that child is healthy both in growth and development. Administration of scale provides evidence that child is capable of taking care of himself responsibly. He maintains a healthy life style and performs not only according to his age but also a little above

Self Help General: Child scored 1 out two in self help general category. This shows he is capable of performing general activities like head holding, telling time to quarter etc.

Self help eating: This caters with child ability to handle his eating patterns and take care of his nutritional needs. Child gets more independent in terms of feeding.

Child scored three out of three in this category which shows that he is fully able to take care of his needs related to feeding and can take care of himself

Self Help Dressing: This category indicates child ability to cleanse himself as well as dressing himself. Child scored four out of 6 in this category which indicates that child is average in independence of in terms of dressing.  Child can dress and undress him but cannot tie. She can button himself shows her less dependence for assistance

Occupation: Child scored 3.5 out of five which indicates his average skills in carrying out his general house hold activities. Child takes part in playful activities efficiently but lacks a bit in carrying out household work

Locomotion: Locomotion involves social movements including going in neighborhood and other social places. Child scored three out three which shows that child is independent in locomotion and can be trusted with her locomotion.

Communication: Communication deals with social use and application of language and other communicative skills including writing and spoken. Child scored three out six which indicates that although child can use communicative tools  in daily life yet he does not have much command on it. She can copy alphabets and can read  but unable to do creative writing include letter writing etc.

Self Direction: Child scored 1.5 out of two which shows that child takes responsibility and feels to get free from authority. She cannot be trusted with money but can make minor purchases.

Socialization: Child scored 3.5 out of four. This indicates that child has developed good socialization skills. And is continuously developing this skill through paying games with her peer group.

Bibliography

Doll. (May,1937). The inheritance of Social Competence. The Journal of Heredity .

https://archive.org/stream/measurementofsoc1953doll#page/74/mode/2up